Knowing how the equine hoof is constructed can help you understand some of the problems that can occur and why horses’ feet need frequent attention. Here’s a basic rundown of horse hoof anatomy.
The Exterior of the Equine Hoof
Coronet
The coronet is the band around the top of the hoof where the hair stops. It’s the point of growth for the hoof. If damaged, hoof wall growth will be interrupted at that point, and damage will be evident as hoof grows out.
Hoof Wall
The hoof wall—the insensitive horny exterior of the hoof—grows downward from the coronet. It’s similar in construction to the human fingernail. The wall is subject to disintegration at the lower edge from excessive wetness or dryness.
Frog
The frog is the triangular, spongy portion in the center of the underside of the hoof. It absorbs shock and helps pump blood to the interior structures of the hoof.
Sole
The sole is the concave underside of the hoof that protects the sensitive structures within. It can become bruised or punctured by treading on stones or nails.
White Line
The white line is the narrow strip where the bottom edge of the hoof wall meets the sole. It can be affected by white line disease, an infection that causes the inner hoof wall to separate and deteriorate.
Inside the Equine Hoof
Short Pastern
The short pastern is a bone that sits between the long pastern (P1) above and the coffin bone (P3) below. It is part of the digit, or toe, and helps form the pastern joint (also known as the proximal interphalangeal joint).
Coffin Bone
The hoof-shaped coffin bone is held in place by the sensitive and insensitive laminae, which form a bond. Separation of these can cause laminitis and rotation of the coffin bone.
Navicular Bone
The navicular is a small bone that fits in the space between the short pastern and the coffin bone. The surface at the back of the navicular bone is covered with smooth cartilage that aids in the movement of the flexor tendon that passes over it. Degeneration of the navicular bone and its protective cartilage results in navicular disease.
Lateral Cartilage
These wings of cartilage on either side of the coffin bone contribute to the elasticity of the hoof. They absorb shock by spreading on impact. Calcification of the cartilage (thought to be caused by excessive concussion) results in sidebone that compromises its shock-absorbing qualities and can cause lameness.
Hoof Care
Horse’s hooves should be cared for on a regular basis. Because the hoof wall is growing constantly, it should be trimmed approximately every six weeks. The need for shoeing depends on the horse’s hoof quality and the type of work he does. Shoes can provide traction and protect the feet from excessive wear and tear.
Pick out the hooves and remove any manure, dirt, and stones daily. Check shoes for wear and nails for tightness. Monitor your horse’s feet carefully, and tailor your hoof care routine accordingly. Factors such as the weather, your horse’s stabling situation, and whether your pasture is sandy and well-drained or clay and water-retaining can all affect your horse’s feet.
Discuss your horse’s feet with your farrier, whose expert advice is invaluable. Most farriers prefer the owners of the horses they work on to be knowledgeable—it makes their job easier in the long run—so ask questions. If your farrier seems reluctant to help educate you, find one who will. Don’t overlook the important relationship between horse owner and the professionals who look after the horse.
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This article originally ran on EquiSearch.com.
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